Kopf Carrier
You need the Adobe Acrobat Reader to view past Carrier files. (Free)
Click on the picture to download that issue

The First Instrument for Cerebral Mapping: Zernov's Encephalometer and its Modifications Boleslav Lichterman, MD., April, 2005., Vol. 61 "As Audrey Davis wrote, "…the instrument has remained a neglected and peripheral source of historical evidence" (Davis A, 1978, p.107). This article is a view of the history of one specific device named the encephalometer that is believed to be the prototype of modern stereotaxic instruments now widely used both for research and clinical practice.

The effects of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor spirapril on vascular distensibility in normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats Sonin D. L. [2], Syrenskii A. V. [1], Alexandrov I. V. [1], Galagudza M. M. [1] October 2005., Vol 62 "It is now generally known that angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) possess not only hypotensive and antihypertensive effects [4], but may furthermore reduce myocardial and vascular remodelling associated with arterial hypertension..." This edition of the Carrier is from our Russian colleagues, Sonin, Syrenskii, Alexandrov and Galagudza in St. Petersburg. Their studies on the effects of angiotensis converting enzyme inhibitor are very interesting and provocative.

CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS OF FULLERENE DERIVATIVES: A REVIEW OF CURRENT EVIDENCE Alexander V. Syrensky,1 Elena I. Egorova,2 Ilia V. Alexandrov,2 and Michael M. Galagudza2, 1 V.A. Almazov Research Institute of Cardiology of the Ministry of Health Care and 2 St. Petersburg I.P. Pavlov Federal Medical University, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation September 2006., Vol 63 "During two last decades, several unique physical and chemical properties of buckminsterfullerene or fullerene C60 have been described. However, much less is known about the effects of fullerenes and their derivatives on biological systems. " This issue of the Carrier is again from our Russian Colleagues Alexander Syrensky, Elena Egorova, Illia Alexandrov and Michael Galagudza. Their review of cardiovascular effects of Fullerene derivatives is very interesting and enlightening.

The role of reactive oxygen species in the mechanisms of local and remote myocardial ischemic preconditioning Syrenskii A. V. [1], Egorova E. I. [2], Alexandrov I. V. [1], Galagudza M. M. [1][1] Laboratory of Biophysics of Circulation of St. Petersburg I. P. Pavlov Federal Medical University, Lev Tolstoy str., 6/8, 197022 filial 1, St. Petersburg, Russia; [2] Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology of V. A. Almazov Research Institute of Cardiology of the Ministry of Health Care, Parkhomenko str., 15, 194156, St. Petersburg, Russia., Vol 64 "The phenomenon of ischemic myocardial preconditioning (IPC) for the first time described by C.E. Murry et al. in 1986, consists of robust increase of..." The article in this Carrier number 64 is again from our Russian colleagues and is a very interesting one. They have done a series of studies on a very hot topic in neuroscience and medicine, reactive oxygen.

Brain: Etymology and Comparative Linguistics Georg W. Kreutzberg, MD, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany, Vol 65 "What is the origin of the noun “brain”, a word used to name the most complex organ in the universe of living objects? The New Oxford Dictionary of English (1998) defines brain as “an organ of soft nervous tissue contained in the skull of vertebrates, functioning as the coordinating centre of sensation and intellectual and nervous activity”. As early as 500 BC Alkmaion of Kroton, based on anatomical evidence, proposed that the brain was essential for perception, (Doty, 2007). This important early insight did not, however, influence the etymology of words subsequently used to refer to the organ of thinking.

Animal Models for Schizophrenia: The chakragati Mouse Mutant German Torres, Brian H. Hallas, Judith M. Horowitz Department of Neuroscience, New York College of Osteopathic Medicine of New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, NY11568, USA •Department of Psychology, Clinical Neuroscience Laboratory, Medaille College, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA, Vol 66 "Neuroscience continues the search for novel and more clinically effective therapies to treat the broad spectrum of psychopathologies associated with schizophrenia. To facilitate this search, the need for animal models which have face, construct and predictive validity with respect to etiology, symptomatology, biochemistry and response to treatment is of paramount importance."

Anesthetizing the Blues German Torres, Brian H. Hallas, Judith M. Horowitz Department of Neuroscience, New York College of Osteopathic Medicine of New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, NY11568, USA • Department of Psychology, Clinical Neuroscience Laboratory, Medaille College, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA Vol 67 "Major depression is a chronic, recurrent mood disorder that causes significant disability and disease burden throughout the world. Not surprisingly, there is an enormous demand for (a) finding appropriate medications and devices for treating the clinical symptoms and (b) identifying the underlying molecular mechanisms of the disease.

Communicating Ethics and Neuroscience Jay Ingram, Mary Anne Moser, Judy Illes Jay Ingram is the co-host of Daily Planet, the hour-long prime-time science program on Discovery Channel, which he helped to design and launch 13 years ago. He has written ten books, and received numerous accolades and awards for his outstanding contributions to the popularization of science. Mary Anne Moser has worked as a journalist, book editor, graphic designer and science communicator. She has a BSc in zoology and an interdisciplinary PhD. She is co-editor of Immersed in Technology: Art and Virtual Environments (MIT Press) and has a particular interest in the intersection of art, culture and science. Judy Illes is Professor of Neurology, Canada Research Chair in Neuroethics, and Adjunct Professor at the School of Population and Public Health at the University of British Columbia. , Vol 68 "Research into the human brain is not just incredibly demanding, but is also controversial. This is not the kidney, or the heart, but the organ in which we find our “selves.” For that reason, any step toward understanding how the brain works has potential for controversy."

New Frontiers in Parkinson’s Disease Therapy: Deep Brain Stimulation German Torres, Gregory S. Fraley, Brian H. Hallas, Joerg R. Leheste, Ingrid H.C.H.M Philippens Department of Neuroscience and Histology, New York College of Osteopathic Medicine of New York Institute of Technology, NY 11568, USA • Department of Biology and Program in Neuroscience, Hope College, MI 49422, USA • Department of Immunology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, The Netherlands  Vol 69 "Given the limitations of current drug therapies for most neurodegenerative diseases, a strong trend towards developing and implementing surgical interventions that provide adjustable and effective symptomatic relief is currently underway in the neurosciences."

Ischemic preconditioning and myocardial tolerance to ischemia in experimental insulin-dependent diabetes mellituse Galagudza M. M., Syrensky A.V., Alexandrov I.V. Michael M. Galagudza received his Ph.D. from the I.P. Pavlov Federal Medical University of St. Petersburg in 2002 and he is currently a Researcher in the Laboratory of Biophysics of Circulation of I.P. Pavlov Federal Medical University of St. Petersburg. Alexander V. Syrensky received his Ph.D. from the First Medical Institute of Leningrad in 1980 and he is currently a Senior Researcher of the Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology of V.A. Almazov Federal Centre of Heart, Blood and Endocrinology. Ilia V. Alexandrov was graduated from the Institute of Precision Mechanics and Optics of St. Petersburg in 1997 and he is currently a Researcher in the Laboratory of Biophysics of Circulation of I.P. Pavlov Federal Medical University of St. Petersburg  Vol 70 "It has been proven by a number of clinico-epidemiological studies that patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (type-1 diabetes mellitus, T1DM) have higher rate of myocardial infarction (MI) with more severe injuries, accompanied with intensive cardiac rhythm disorders and increased rate of such complications as postinfarction angina and heart failure in comparison with patients without diabetes."