Kopf Carrier
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The First Instrument for Cerebral Mapping: Zernov's Encephalometer and its Modifications Boleslav Lichterman, MD., April, 2005., Vol. 61 "As Audrey Davis wrote, "…the instrument has remained a neglected and peripheral source of historical evidence" (Davis A, 1978, p.107). This article is a view of the history of one specific device named the encephalometer that is believed to be the prototype of modern stereotaxic instruments now widely used both for research and clinical practice.

The effects of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor spirapril on vascular distensibility in normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats Sonin D. L. [2], Syrenskii A. V. [1], Alexandrov I. V. [1], Galagudza M. M. [1] October 2005., Vol 62 "It is now generally known that angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) possess not only hypotensive and antihypertensive effects [4], but may furthermore reduce myocardial and vascular remodelling associated with arterial hypertension..." This edition of the Carrier is from our Russian colleagues, Sonin, Syrenskii, Alexandrov and Galagudza in St. Petersburg. Their studies on the effects of angiotensis converting enzyme inhibitor are very interesting and provocative.

CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS OF FULLERENE DERIVATIVES: A REVIEW OF CURRENT EVIDENCE Alexander V. Syrensky,1 Elena I. Egorova,2 Ilia V. Alexandrov,2 and Michael M. Galagudza2, 1 V.A. Almazov Research Institute of Cardiology of the Ministry of Health Care and 2 St. Petersburg I.P. Pavlov Federal Medical University, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation September 2006., Vol 63 "During two last decades, several unique physical and chemical properties of buckminsterfullerene or fullerene C60 have been described. However, much less is known about the effects of fullerenes and their derivatives on biological systems. " This issue of the Carrier is again from our Russian Colleagues Alexander Syrensky, Elena Egorova, Illia Alexandrov and Michael Galagudza. Their review of cardiovascular effects of Fullerene derivatives is very interesting and enlightening.

The role of reactive oxygen species in the mechanisms of local and remote myocardial ischemic preconditioning Syrenskii A. V. [1], Egorova E. I. [2], Alexandrov I. V. [1], Galagudza M. M. [1][1] Laboratory of Biophysics of Circulation of St. Petersburg I. P. Pavlov Federal Medical University, Lev Tolstoy str., 6/8, 197022 filial 1, St. Petersburg, Russia; [2] Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology of V. A. Almazov Research Institute of Cardiology of the Ministry of Health Care, Parkhomenko str., 15, 194156, St. Petersburg, Russia., Vol 64 "The phenomenon of ischemic myocardial preconditioning (IPC) for the first time described by C.E. Murry et al. in 1986, consists of robust increase of..." The article in this Carrier number 64 is again from our Russian colleagues and is a very interesting one. They have done a series of studies on a very hot topic in neuroscience and medicine, reactive oxygen.